Vocal Demand Response to the Educational Setting Based Communication Scenarios: A Single Subject Study

Objectives: This was a single-subject study, aimed to demonstrate different vocal demand situations that are typical for primary school and teacher's vocal demand response under two acoustical conditions, with and without voice amplification, during five working days. Methods: The long-term voice dosimetry with Vocal Holter Med (PR.O. Voice Srl) was carried out on a 49-year-old female teacher with voice disorders during daily teaching activities. A sound field amplification system (SFAS) PentaClass Runa was installed in the classroom. Voice dosimetry was provided under two different acoustical conditions: without SFAS (2 days) and with SFAS (3 days). Results: Phonation time percentage, sound pressure level (SPL), SPL SD, fundamental frequency (F0), F0 SD, cycle, and distance doses were investigated in seven communication scenarios (lessons, group/individual classes, sports lessons in the gym and schoolyard, breaks, lunch breaks, and other activities). The median scores of all voice parameters differed significantly between different vocal demand contexts. The significant statistical difference in the vocal demand response was in the communication situations with and without SFAS. In addition, the number of children, reverberation time, and ambient air relative humidity impacted voice SPL and the cycle dose. Conclusions: Lessons, sports lessons held in the gym or schoolyard, breaks, and lunch breaks were considered as high vocal demand communication situations requiring higher voice intensity and fundamental frequency, higher phonation time percentage, cycle, and distance doses. Group/individual work and other teacher activities during the day, unrelated to direct work with students, were categorized as low vocal demand communication scenarios.

Objetivos: Este fue un estudio de sujeto único, cuyo objetivo fue demostrar diferentes situaciones de demanda vocal típicas de la escuela primaria y la respuesta vocal de los docentes bajo dos condiciones acústicas, con y sin amplificación de voz, durante cinco días laborables. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo dosimetría vocal a largo plazo con Vocal Holter Med (PR.O. Voice Srl) durante las actividades diarias de enseñanza en una docente de 49 años con trastornos de la voz. Se instaló un sistema de amplificación de campo sonoro (SFAS) PentaClass Runa en el aula. La dosimetría vocal se realizó bajo dos condiciones acústicas diferentes: sin SFAS (2 días) y con SFAS (3 días). Resultados: Se investigaron el porcentaje de tiempo de fonación, el nivel de presión sonora (SPL), SPL SD, la frecuencia fundamental (F0), F0 SD, ciclos y dosis de distancia en siete escenarios de comunicación diferentes (clases, clases grupales/individuales, clases de educación física en el gimnasio y el patio de la escuela, recreos, almuerzos y otras actividades). Las puntuaciones medias de todos los parámetros vocales diferían significativamente entre los diferentes contextos de demanda vocal. La diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la respuesta a la demanda vocal se observó en las situaciones de comunicación con y sin SFAS. Además, el número de niños, el tiempo de reverberación y la humedad relativa del aire ambiente afectaron al SPL de la voz y la dosis de ciclo. Conclusiones: Las lecciones, las clases de educación física en el gimnasio o el patio de la escuela, los recreos y los almuerzos se consideraron situaciones de comunicación de alta demanda vocal, que requerían una mayor intensidad y frecuencia fundamental de la voz, un mayor porcentaje de tiempo de fonación y dosis de ciclo y distancia más altas. El trabajo grupal/individual y otras actividades del profesor durante el día no relacionadas con el trabajo directo con los estudiantes se categorizaron como escenarios de comunicación de baja demanda vocal.

Evaluación del Rendimiento y Producción de Humedad de los Humidificadores de Burbuja usados con Mascarillas Oxígeno de Concentración Variable / Evaluation of the Performance and Humidity Production of Bubble Humidifiers used with Variable Concentration Oxygen Masks

Introducción. Introducción. El uso de humidificadores de burbuja asociados a equipos de oxigenoterapia es una práctica común en los centros hospitalarios de nuestro país. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado el aporte real de humedad que entregan estos equipos cuando son usados con sistemas de concentración variable a distintas concentraciones de oxígeno. Además, se han descrito problemas de funcionamiento en la entrega de oxígeno cuando se han ocupado este tipo de humidificador. Objetivo. Determinar el aporte real de humedad que entregan los humidificadores de burbuja al ser usados con sistemas de oxigenoterapia de concentración variable. Métodos. Se evaluaron 10 humidificadores de burbuja, marca Hudson RCI®, con válvula liberadora de presión, los cuales se conectaron a un sistema de oxigenoterapia de concentración variable (Marca Hudson RCI®, modelo MULTI-VENT). La medición de la humedad relativa (HR) se realizó en una cámara de acrílico, donde se conectó el inyector del sistema de oxigenoterapia. Para medir H.R. y temperatura se utilizó un higrómetro digital (Veto®, Italia) y un higrómetro análogo (Hygromat®, Alemania). Cada medición requirió un tiempo de 5 minutos para lograr un valor estable. Se realizaron mediciones de la humedad relativa y temperatura entregada por este sistema, con y sin humidificador, a concentraciones de oxígeno de 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 y 0.5. Resultados. Para las la temperatura, no hubo diferencias entre las mediciones realizadas con y sin humidificador de burbuja. Para la humedad relativa, sólo hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas a concentraciones de oxígeno altas (> 0.35), pero con escaso cambio en la entrega de humedad absoluta. Cuando se utilizó flujos operativos ≥ 6 L/min se activó la válvula liberadora de presión del humidificador. Conclusión. El uso de humidificadores de burbuja asociados a sistemas de oxigenoterapia de concentración variable no genera un aumento significativo de la humedad entregada a concentraciones bajas de oxigeno, por lo cual se podría prescindir de su uso.

Background. The use of bubble humidifiers associated with oxygen therapy equipment is a common practice in hospitals in our country. However, the real contribution of humidity delivered by these equipments when used with variable concentration systems at different oxygen concentrations has not been evaluated. In addition, operating problems have been described in the delivery of oxygen when this type of humidifier has been used. Objetive. Determine the real contribution of humidity delivered by bubble humidifiers when used with variable concentration oxygen therapy systems. Methods. 10 Hudson RCI® brand bubble humidifiers with a pressure release valve were evaluated, which were connected to a variable concentration oxygen therapy system (Hudson RCI® brand, MULTI-VENT model). The relative humidity (RH) was measured in an acrylic chamber, where the injector of the oxygen therapy system was connected. To measure R.H. and temperature, a digital hygrometer (Veto®, Italy) and an analog hygrometer (Hygromat®, Germany) were used. Each measurement required a time of 5 minutes to achieve a stable value. Measurements of the relative humidity and temperature delivered by this system were made, with and without a humidifier, at oxygen concentrations of 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.5. Results. For temperature, there were no differences between the measurements made with and without a bubble humidifier. For relative humidity, there were only statistically significant differences at high oxygen concentrations (> 0.35), but with little change in absolute humidity delivery. When operating flows ≥ 6 L/min were used, the humidifier pressure relief valve was activated. Conclusion. The use of bubble humidifiers associated with variable concentration oxygen therapy systems does not generate a significant increase in the humidity delivered at low oxygen concentrations, so their use could be dispensed with.

Effects of temperature and humidity on infection of Fusarium oxysporum in seedlings of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国中药杂志

Wilt disease is a major disease of cultivated Salvia miltiorrhiza, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Since the infection process of F. oxysporum in plants is affected by environment factors, this study was conducted to reveal the relationship between disease severity and concentration of the pathogen in plants in the infection process of F. oxysporum in seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza by pot experiments and to reveal the effects of temperature and humidity on the infection process. The results showed that, after inoculation of S. miltiorrhiza seedlings with F. oxysporum, the pathogen in different parts was detected at different time, and it was first detected in substrates. With the continuous propagation of the pathogen(4-5 d), it gradually infected the roots and stems of the seedlings, and the plants had yellowing leaves and withering. The number of the pathogen reached the maximum in each part after 7-8 d, and then gradually decreased in the later stage of the disease. The concentration of the pathogen in substrates, roots and stems of S. miltiorrhiza showed a trend of decreasing after increasing with the aggravation of the disease and reached the maximum in the samples of moderate morbidity, while the concentration in the samples of severe morbidity decreased. In addition, the infection of F. oxysporum in seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza was affected by temperature and humidity. The suitable temperature was 25-30 ℃ and the suitable humidity was 80%-90%. This study could provide guidance for the experiments on pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, screening of biocontrol bacteria and controlling of wilt.

Gut microbiota mediated the effects of high relative humidity on lupus in female MRL/lpr mice

Abstract Introduction The relationship between humidity and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has yielded inconsistent results in prior research, while the effects of humidity on lupus in animal experiments and its underlying mechanism remain inadequately explored. Methods The present study aimed to investigate the impact of high humidity (80 ± 5%) on lupus using female and male MRL/lpr mice, with a particular focus on elucidating the role of gut microbiota in this process. To this end, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to transfer the gut microbiota of MRL/lpr mice under high humidity to blank MRL/lpr mice under normal humidity (50 ± 5%), allowing for an assessment of the effect of FMT on lupus. Results The study revealed that high humidity exacerbated lupus indices (serum anti-dsDNA, ANA, IL-6, and IFN- g, and renal pathology) in female MRL/lpr mice but had no significant effect on male MRL/lpr mice. The aggravation of lupus caused by high humidity may be attributed to the increased abundances of the Rikenella, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella genera in female MRL/lpr mice. Furthermore, FMT also exacerbated lupus in female MRL/lpr mice but not in male MRL/lpr mice. Conclusion In summary, this study has demonstrated that high humidity exacerbated lupus by modulating gut microbiota in female MRL/lpr mice. The findings underscore the importance of considering environmental factors and gut microbiota in the development and progression of lupus, particularly among female patients.

Establishment of a hyperuricemia rat model by stimulation of high temperature-humidity environment / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To establish a hyperuricemia rat model through the high temperature-humidity treatment, and monitor its vital signs and biochemical indicator characteristics, as well as observe the changes of renal histomorphology and ultrastructure.Methods:Male SD rats were randomly divided into control(CON) group, potassium oxonate(PO) group and high temperature-humidity(HTH) group, 6 rats each. The experiment lasted for 6 consecutive weeks. Rats from PO group was given 250 mg/kg PO by gavage every day. The rats from HTH group were treated with a special thermostatic incubator for one hour each day after gavaging 250 mg/kg PO. Serum uric acid, creatinine and other indicators were detected every 2 weeks. After 6 weeks, the kidney tissues were collected. The morphological changes and urate crystal deposition of kidney tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson′s trichrome staining and gomori staining, while the ultramicrostructural changes of kidney were observed by transmission electron microscope.Results:Two weeks after the experiment, the average serum uric acid values of PO group and HTH group increased significantly, HTH group was higher than PO and CON groups[(133.9±17.8), (107.6±12.4), and (85.7±4.1) μmol/L, P=0.001]. And after 6 weeks, the HTH group was still higher than the other two groups[(115.1±27.8), (82.7±13.9), and (72.9±17.8) μmol/L, P=0.008). The average serum creatinine in HTH group was slightly higher than that in PO group and CON group at 6 weeks[(46.2±4.7), (38.1±6.0), and (28.3±6.3) μmol/L, P=0.001]. Light microscope showed partial renal tubular dilatation in PO group, but renal tubular epithelial cells swelling and inflammatory cells infiltration were more significant in HTH group. The ultrastructural changes such as glomerular podocyte swelling were found in HTH group by transmission electron microscope. Conclusion:In this study, we had successfully established a hyperuricemia rat model by simulating the high temperature-humidity environment combined with potassium oxyzinate after 2 weeks of experiment. After 6 weeks of modeling, it was found that the high temperature-humidity induced rat models possessed a relatively higher and stabler serum uric acid level than that of the traditional chemical medicine induced rats. The method can be applied to the research of pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of hyperuricemia caused by high temperature-humidity environment.

Evaluación de la movilidad del ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético en suelos ándicos del departamento del Cauca, Colombia

El herbicida ácido 2,4 - diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) es un ácido selectivo y sistémico que, desde 1940, es ampliamente utilizado en suelo agrícolas, de todo el mundo. Su uso radica a su selectividad entre la vegetación de hoja ancha y cultivos de gramíneas y como regulador del crecimiento vegetal; sin embargo, este herbicida se puede acumular en el ambiente y, adicionalmente, puede ser transportado por lixiviación, a través del suelo, llegando a contaminar aguas subterráneas, lo que genera un alto riesgo para el ambiente y la salud del ser humano. El estudio de la movilidad del 2,4-D en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica permitió conocer, que no solo la materia orgánica se correlaciona indirectamente con la movilidad de este compuesto, sino que, también, influye la humedad, al reducir la lixiviación y el potencial de contaminación del recurso hídrico subterráneo, mientras que la conductividad hidráulica se relaciona, de manera directa, con la lixiviación de este herbicida.

The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a selective and systemic acid that has been widely used in agricultural soils since 1940. Its use lies in its selectivity between broadleaf vegetation and grass crops, and as a regulator of plant growth. However, this herbicide can accumulate in the environment, and additionally, it can be transported by leaching through the soil, contaminating groundwater, which generates a high risk for the environment and human health. In this study, the mobility of 2,4-D in organic-matter-rich soils was assessed. The results revealed that not only the organic material is indirectly correlated with the mobility of this compound but also influences humidity and reduces leaching and potential pollution of groundwater resources, whereas hydraulic conductivity is directly related to herbicide leaching.

Incidencia de la humedad relativa en la transmisión de la COVID-19 / Impact of relative humidity on COVID-19 transmission

Introducción: El nuevo patógeno SARS-CoV-2 presenta una rápida propagación, y es el causante de la enfermedad del Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Dado que este virus es reciente, el aumento de los casos de la enfermedad COVID-19 ha sido una gran amenaza, a lo que le ha sumado la no existencia de información contundente sobre la enfermedad, su transmisión, y su relación con las distintas variables ambientales. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de la humedad relativa en la transmisión de la COVID-19 en las regiones tropicales de Colombia. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de humedad relativa y número de contagios diarios de COVID-19 de siete ciudades de Colombia ubicadas en la Región Caribe (Barranquilla y Sincelejo), Región Andina (Medellín, Bucaramanga, Armenia y Cúcuta), además de la Región Amazónica (Leticia). Se utilizó un modelo logístico generalizado para analizar los datos existentes y diseñar las curvas epidemiológicas. Resultados: Para todas las ciudades, de acuerdo con el modelo se encontraron altas correlaciones entre la humedad relativa (variable observada) y COVID-19 (variable predicha) con un R2 > 0,90. No obstante, se determinó si existía asociación entre las variables comparando el valor p con el nivel de significancia α del 0,05, se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa en las ciudades de Leticia, Barranquilla y Cúcuta. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que existe una relación directa entre la humedad relativa y la transmisión de COVID 19 en regiones tropicales de Colombia. De ahí que se plantee que el estudio aporta una herramienta importante para la toma de decisiones de las instituciones a cargo del control de la enfermedad, como los gobiernos nacionales y locales(AU)

Introduction: The new pathogen SARS-CoV-2 presents a rapid spread, and is the cause of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given that this virus is recent, the increase in cases of the COVID-19 disease has been a great threat, to which has been added the lack of conclusive information about the disease, its transmission, and its relationship with the different environmental variables. Objective: To determine the incidence of relative humidity in the transmission of COVID-19 in the tropical regions of Colombia. Methods: Relative humidity data and number of daily COVID-19 infections from seven cities in Colombia located in the Caribbean Region (Barranquilla and Sincelejo), Andean region (Medellín, Bucaramanga, Armenia and Cúcuta), as well as the Amazon Region (Leticia) were analyzed. A generalized logistic model was used to analyze existing data and design epidemiological curves. Results: For all cities, according to the model, high correlations were found between relative humidity (observed variable) and COVID-19 (predicted variable) with an R2 > 0.90. However, it was determined if there was an association between the variables by comparing the p-value with the level of significance α 0.05, a statistically significant association was found in the cities of Leticia, Barranquilla and Cúcuta. Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between relative humidity and the transmission of COVID 19 in tropical regions of Colombia. Hence, it is proposed that the study provides an important tool for the decision-making of the institutions in charge of the control of the disease, such as national and local governments(AU)

Effect of meteorological factors on first episode and recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the clinical characteristics and seasonal distribution of patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax and examined the relationships between meteorological factors and pneumothorax development overall and in terms of first episode and recurrence. METHODS: The hospital records of 168 pneumothorax patients treated in our clinic between January 2016 and December 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. A cluster was defined as two or more patients with pneumothorax presenting within three consecutive days. Meteorological factors were compared between days with and without pneumothorax patients. This comparison was based on meteorological data from the day of symptom onset (D), the day before symptom onset (D1), and the difference between those days (D-D1). Meteorological data from the index day (D) were also compared between patients with first episode and recurrence of pneumothorax. RESULTS: The study included 149 (88.7%) men and 19 (11.3%) women. The mean age was 25.02±6.97 (range, 17-35; median, 26) years. Of note, 73 (43.4%) patients underwent surgery. The highest number of patients presented in November (n=19, 11.3%). In terms of season, most presentations occurred in autumn. Humidity was significantly lower on recurrence days compared with first episode (p=0.041). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that meteorological factors (i.e., atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, temperature, and precipitation) were not associated with pneumothorax development. By comparing the patients with first episode and recurrence, the humidity was significantly lower in the recurrence group.

Flujo lagrimal en población de 20 a 30 años en ciudades de alta y baja humedad relativa en Perú, 2019 / Tear flow in a population aged between 20 and 30 living in Peruvian cities with high and low relative humidity, 2019

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar y correlacionar la cantidad de flujo lagrimal de una población de 20 a 30 años en las ciudades con humedad relativa de Arequipa y Lima (2019). Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo observacional descriptivo transversal, realizado en los meses de julio y agosto de 2019, que incluyó a pacientes entre 20 y 30 años de clínicas oftalmológicas en Lima (79 personas) y Arequipa (44 personas). Se consideró como criterios de exclusión a pacientes posquirúrgicos de cirugía ocular, usuarios de lentes de contacto o que utilizaban computadora más de 6 horas seguidas al día o que hayan estado menos de dos horas despiertos el día de la prueba. Se analizó la edad, el sexo, el lugar de residencia, la ocupación, el tiempo de uso de la computadora, el estado civil, la humedad relativa y el flujo lagrimal. Se creó una base de datos en Excel y se analizó en SPSS mediante pruebas paramétricas (correlación de Pearson) con el fin de evaluar la correlación entre las variables cuantitativas. Para las variables cualitativas se usó frecuencias; para las cuantitativas, media y moda. Resultados: En Arequipa se encontró humedad relativa media de 31,89 %, flujo lagrimal bajo en 21 pacientes (47,7 %) y normal en 23 (52,3 %); en Lima la humedad relativa media fue de 71,05 %, se encontró bajo flujo lagrimal en 23 personas (29,1 %) y normal en 56 (70,9 %). La correlación flujo lagrimal y humedad relativa fue 0,841 en Arequipa y 0,876 en Lima. A su vez, la relación flujo lagrimal y edad mostró que, a mayor edad, menor flujo en ambas ciudades: Arequipa (-0,866), Lima (-0,892); y se observó que, a mayor cantidad de horas frente a la computadora, menor flujo lagrimal: Arequipa (-0,757), Lima (-0,806); sin embargo, ninguna correlación fue significativa. Conclusiones: A menor humedad relativa, el flujo lagrimal fue más bajo. La edad y el número de horas en el computador fueron inversamente proporcionales al flujo lagrimal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the amount of tear flow in a population aged between 20 and 30 and correlate it with the relative humidity in Arequipa and Lima (2019). Materials and methods: A quantitative, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted from July to August 2019. The study population consisted of patients aged between 20 and 30 attending ophthalmology clinics in Lima (79 people) and Arequipa (44 people). The exclusion criteria were the following: postoperative patients who underwent an eye surgery, contact lens wearers, people who used a computer over six consecutive hours a day, or those who were awake for less than two hours on the day of the test. Age, sex, place of residence, occupation, time of computer use, marital status, relative humidity and tear flow were assessed. An Excel database was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics statistical software with parametric tests (Pearson correlation coefficient) to evaluate the correlation between the quantitative variables. Frequencies were used as qualitative variable, and mean and mode as quantitative variables. Results: A mean relative humidity of 31.89 %, low tear flow in 21 patients (47.7 %) and normal tear flow in 23 patients (52.3 %) were found in Arequipa. In contrast, a mean relative humidity of 71.05 %, low tear flow in 23 people (29.1 %) and normal tear flow in 56 people (70.9 %) were found in Lima. The correlation between tear flow and relative humidity accounted for 0.841 in Arequipa and 0.876 in Lima. As for the correlation between age and tear flow, the higher the age, the lower the tear flow: Arequipa (-0.866) and Lima (-0.892). Regarding the correlation between time of computer use and tear flow, the longer the hours on the computer, the lower the tear flow: Arequipa (-0.757) and Lima (-0.806). However, neither correlation was significant. Conclusions: The lower the relative humidity, the lower the tear flow. Age and time of computer use were inversely proportional to tear flow.

Maintenance of sterility in SMS packaging in dental environments: concern with biosafety

Healthcare services must be guided by biosafety practices and microbial control. This control is highly influenced by humidity, which directly impacts the maintenance of sterility of the materials used in the appointments. High concentration of moisture, in the form of aerosol, splashes and spills, is caused during dental care. During the COVID-19 times the contamination by aerosol and droplets worries greatly. Considering that it could cause harm to the sterility of an autoclaved material, especially in dental environments, the objective was to evaluate the behavior of SMS sterilization packages (Spunbonded / Meltblown / Spunbonded) against microbial penetration in an aqueous vehicle. SMS of three brands were challenged, equally divided into two groups: virgin and processed (subjected to a single autoclaving cycle). Each specimen was aseptically deposited on Macconkey agar. Subsequently, 5 µL of Escherichia coliATCC 25922 saline solution [108CFU mL-1] was deposited in center of the SMS specimen and the dish incubated at36°C/ 48h. Reading was performed by the presence or absence of bacterial growth typical of the species under the SMS, observed on the back of Petri dish. The lowest penetration rate observed was 60% for one of the brands in the virgin condition, and 75% for two brands in the processed condition. Statistical analysis showed an association between bacterial penetration and the evaluated group, this association being valid only in the virgin condition. The different SMS behave similarly in terms of resistance to bacterial penetration after being processed. The data show that moisture can assist in bacterial transport through sterilized SMS. Therefore, SMS packages are not able to prevent bacterial penetration, and possibly other microorganisms, when in aqueous vehicles, offering a potential risk of breaking the aseptic chain. Thus, care must be taken in routines for handling and storage sterile packaging.

Correlation between climate change and epistaxis in Yueqing of Zhejiang province / 中国基层医药

Objective:To correlate climate change with epistaxis in Yueqing of Zhejiang province and to provide evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of epistaxis.Methods:A total of 1 800 patients with epistaxis, who received treatment in Yueqing People's Hospital between October 2018 and October 2019, were included in this study. The data of these patients were input into the Microsoft Excel software. They were summarized and sorted as per admission time. Climate change was correlated with epistaxis.Results:Daily average temperatures were negatively correlated with epistaxis ( r = -0.65, P = 0.003). A non-linear, inverted-U-shaped relationship was observed between daily relative humidity and epistaxis. When the daily relative humidity was < 65%, daily relative humidity was positively correlated with epistaxis ( r = -0.54, P = 0.007).When the daily relative humidity was > 65%, daily relative humidity was negatively correlated with epistaxis ( r = -0.68, P = 0.002). There was a nearly linear positive correlation between diurnal temperature range and epistaxis ( r = 0.52, P = 0.009). There was a linear and positive correlation between daily average atmospheric pressure and epistaxis ( r = 0.60, P = 0.004). The risk of epistaxis increased by 1.48% (95% CI: -2.15 to -0.81) when the temperature decreased by 1 ℃. When daily relative humidity was < 65%, the effects of humidity change on the risk of epistaxis were not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). When the relative humidity of the day was > 65%, the risk of epistaxis decreased by 1.82% (95% CI: -2.71 to -0.93) for every unit of humidity rise. The risk of epistaxis increased by 2.86% (95% CI: 0.54 - 5.18) for every 1 ℃ increase in temperature. The risk of epistaxis increased by 1.18% (95% CI: 0.50 - 1.87) for every 1 Pa increase in air pressure. Conclusion:Temperature change is negatively correlated with epistaxis. Atmospheric pressure and diurnal temperature range are positively correlated with epistaxis. Temperature change, atmospheric pressure, and diurnal temperature have temporary effects on epistaxis. High humidity has an obvious long-term protective effect against epistaxis.

Scrotal thermographic profile and seminal characteristics of Mangalarga Marchador stallions bred in the Atlantic Rainforest biome / [Perfil termográfico escrotal e características seminais de garanhões Mangalarga Marchador criados no bioma Mata Atlântica]

The objective of this study was to determine the scrotal thermographic profile and to verify the influence of temperature and humidity of the humid tropical climate on testicular temperature and seminal quality of Mangalarga Marchador stallions. The thermal profiles of the proximal, middle, and distal zones of the testicles and total surface temperature (TSTT) were recorded using an FLIR E60bx thermal imager. The average air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were obtained 1, 5, 9, 33, and 66 days before semen collection and showed a mean value of 26.5±2.4 and 80.4±6.0 respectively. The scrotal surface temperature was close to 34°C and there was no variation with the age of the stallion, reproductive activity, and characteristics of the ejaculate (P>0.05). The only significant correlations obtained were between TSTT and minor defects (R = 0.41; P<0.05), between TSTT and total defects (R = 0.46; P<0.01), and between TSTT and percentage of morphologically normal sperm (R = -0.46; P<0.05). It was concluded that the Mangalarga Marchador stallions maintained the testicular temperature within favorable conditions for spermatogenesis, demonstrating the efficiency of testicular thermoregulation mechanisms in the Atlantic Forest biome.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o perfil termográfico escrotal e verificar a influência da temperatura e da umidade do clima tropical úmido na temperatura testicular e na qualidade seminal de garanhões Mangalarga Marchador. Os perfis térmicos das zonas proximal, média e distal dos testículos e a temperatura da superfície total (TSTT) foram registrados usando-se um termovisor FLIR E60bx. A temperatura média do ar (° C) e a umidade relativa (%) foram obtidas um, cinco, nove, 33 e 66 dias antes da coleta de sêmen e apresentaram valor médio de 26,5 ± 2,4 e 80,4 ± 6,0, respectivamente. A temperatura da superfície escrotal foi próxima a 34°C, e não houve variação com a idade do garanhão, a atividade reprodutiva e as características do ejaculado (P>0,05). As únicas correlações significativas obtidas foram entre TSTT e defeitos menores (R=0,41; P<0,05), entre TSTT e defeitos totais (R=0,46; P<0,01), e entre TSTT e porcentagem de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais (R=-0,46; P<0,05). Concluiu-se que os garanhões Mangalarga Marchador mantiveram a temperatura testicular dentro de condições favoráveis para a espermatogênese, demonstrando a eficiência dos mecanismos de termorregulação testicular no bioma Mata Atlântica.

Principal component regression analysis demonstrates the collinearity-free effect of sub estimated climatic variables on tree growth in the central Amazon / El análisis de regresión por componentes principales muestra el efecto libre de colinealidad de variables climáticas subestimadas sobre el crecimiento de los árboles en la Amazonía central

Abstract Introduction: Climatic variables show a seasonal pattern in the central Amazon, but the intra-annual variability effect on tree growth is still unclear. For variables such as relative humidity (RH) and air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whose individual effects on tree growth can be underestimated, we hypothesize that such influences can be detected by removing the effect of collinearity between regressors. Objective: This study aimed to determine the collinearity-free effect of climatic variability on tree growth in the central Amazon. Methods: Monthly radial growth was measured in 325 trees from January 2013 to December 2017. Irradiance, air temperature, rainfall, RH, and VPD data were also recorded. Principal Component Regression was used to assess the effect of micrometeorological variability on tree growth over time. For comparison, standard Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was also used for data analysis. Results: Tree growth increased with increasing rainfall and relative humidity, but it decreased with rising maximum VPD, irradiance, and maximum temperature. Therefore, trees grew more slowly during the dry season, when irradiance, temperature and VPD were higher. Micrometeorological variability did not affect tree growth when MLR was applied. These findings indicate that ignoring the correlation between climatic variables can lead to imprecise results. Conclusions: A novelty of this study is to demonstrate the orthogonal effect of maximum VPD and minimum relative humidity on tree growth.

Resumen Introducción: Las variables climáticas muestran un patrón estacional en la Amazonía central, pero el efecto de la variabilidad intra-anual en el crecimiento de los árboles aún no está claro. Para variables como la humedad relativa (HR) y el déficit de presión de vapor (VPD), cuyo efecto individual en el crecimiento de los árboles puede ser subestimada, planteamos la hipótesis de que tales influencias pueden detectarse eliminando el efecto de colinealidad entre regresores. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto libre de colinealidad de la variabilidad climática sobre el crecimiento de los árboles en la Amazonía central. Métodos: Se midió el crecimiento radial mensual en 325 árboles desde enero 2013 hasta diciembre 2017. También se registraron datos de irradiancia (PAR), temperatura del aire, lluvia, humedad relativa (RH) y déficit de presión de vapor de aire (VPD). Se utilizó la regresión de componentes principales para evaluar el efecto de la variabilidad micrometeorológica a lo largo del tiempo sobre el crecimiento de los árboles. Para comparación, también se utilizó la regresión lineal múltiple (MLR) estándar para el análisis de datos. Resultados: El crecimiento de los árboles incrementó con el aumento de las precipitaciones y la humedad relativa, y disminuyó con el aumento de la VPD máxima, la irradiancia y la temperatura máxima. Por lo tanto, los árboles crecieron más lentamente durante la estación seca, cuando la irradiancia, la temperatura y la VPD eran más altas. La variabilidad micrometeorológica no afectó el crecimiento de los árboles cuando se aplicó MLR. Estos hallazgos indican que ignorar la correlación entre las variables climáticas puede conducir a resultados imprecisos. Conclusiones: Una novedad de este estudio es demostrar el efecto ortogonal del VPD máximo y la humedad relativa mínima sobre el crecimiento de los árboles.

Revisión rápida de los efectos de la variación de la temperatura y la humedad en la morbilidad y mortalidad por Covid-19 / Rapid review of the effects of temperature and humidity variation on the Covid-19 morbidity and mortality

Resumen: Objetivo: Resumir y analizar la evidencia de la asociación entre Covid-19 y factores climáticos. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la metodología de revisiones rápidas de Cochrane. Se buscaron artículos publicados del 1 de enero al 27 de abril de 2020 en una base de datos académica y preprints. Los títulos y resúmenes fueron revisados por dos investigadores y los textos completos por cinco investigadores. Resultados: De 354 artículos identificados, 26 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos. De éstos, 20 observaron una asociación inversa. Al evaluar su calidad, nueve calificaron con validez moderada, porque si bien ajustaron por covariables en el análisis, son estudios ecológicos. Conclusiones: A pesar de la homogeneidad de resultados, los factores climáticos explican un porcentaje pequeño de la variación de Covid-19. Son necesarios estudios con periodo de análisis más largo que capten tendencia y estacionalidad e incluyan factores de riesgo individuales.

Abstract: Objective: To summarize and analyze the evidence of the association between Covid-19 and climatic factors Materials and methods: We used the Cochrane rapid review methodology. An academic database and preprints were examined with the searches restricted from January 1 to April 27. Titles and abstracts were reviewed by two researchers and full texts were reviewed by the five authors. Results: We identified 354 articles, 26 met the established eligibility criteria. Of these, 20 reported an inverse association. When evaluating their quality, nine were qualified with moderate validity, this is because they adjusted for covariates in the analysis, but they are ecological studies. Conclusions: Despite homogeneity of results, climatic factors explained a small percentage of Covid-19 incidence variability. Future studies need to include individual risk factors and longer period of data to capture trend or seasonality.

La propagación de la COVID-19 en España y Brasil según tiempo y clima / Tempo, clima e propagação da COVID-19 na Espanha e no Brasil / The spread of COVID-19 in Spain and Brazil according to weather and climate

Objetivo: Este artículo de investigación busca conocer la influencia de la propagación del virus COVID-19 a través de la temperatura y de la humedad en España y Brasil. Métodos: Para el cálculo de la variación mensual del índice de propagación del virus COVID-19 por provincias en España se han utilizado, en primer lugar, las series climáticas de la AEMET de España e INMETRO de Brasil. Se han extraído las medias correspondientes y después se han sometido los datos a un proceso de homogenización, para posteriormente poder calcular el incremento mensual de temperatura y de humedad por provincias y estados. Este proceso metodológico establece una relación directamente proporcional entre el aumento de la temperatura y de la humedad con el índice de propagación del virus COVID-19. Resultados: En España, las condiciones climáticas favorecerán la disminución o aumento del índice reproductivo del virus. En Brasil las condiciones climáticas no favorecerán la disminución del índice reproductivo del virus y, climatológicamente, no existe un periodo óptimo para una desescalada y vuelta a la normalidad. Las variaciones de las condiciones climáticas en Brasil no son significativas, por lo que el clima de Brasil no influye en la disminución de propagación del virus. Conclusión: El clima influye en la propagación del virus. Descriptores: COVID-19; Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa; Clima; Temperatura; Humedad.

Objetivo: Este artigo de pesquisa busca conhecer a influência da propagação do vírus COVID-19 através da temperatura e umidade na Espanha e no Brasil. Métodos: Para calcular a variação mensal do índice de propagação do vírus COVID-19 por províncias da Espanha, primeiramente, utilzaram-se as séries climáticas da AEMET da Espanha e do INMETRO do Brasil. Extraíram-se as médias correspondentes, para posterior submissão dos dados a um processo de homogeneização, com o intuito de calcular o aumento mensal de temperatura e umidade por províncias e estados. Esse processo metodológico estabeleceu uma relação diretamente proporcional entre o aumento da temperatura e da umidade com a taxa de disseminação do vírus COVID-19. Resultados: Na Espanha, as condições climáticas favoreceram a diminuição ou aumento do índice reprodutivo do vírus. No Brasil, entretanto, as condições climáticas não favorecem a diminuição do índice reprodutivo do virus, comprovando que climatologicamente não existe um período ideal para uma desaceleração e retorno à normalidade. As variações nas condições climáticas no Brasil não são significativas, portanto o clima não influencia na diminuição da propagação do vírus neste país. Conclusão: O clima influencia a disseminação do vírus. Descritores: COVID-19; Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa; Clima; Temperatura; Umidade.

Objective: This research article seeks to know the influence of the spread of the COVID-19 virus through temperature and humidity in Spain and Brazil. Methods: In order to calculate the monthly variation in the COVID-19 virus spread index by provinces in Spain, at first, the climatic series of the AEMET of Spain and INMETRO of Brazil were used. The corresponding means have been extracted and then the data have been subjected to a homogenization process, to later be able to calculate the monthly increase in temperature and humidity by provinces and states. This methodological process establishes a directly proportional the climatic conditions favored the decrease or increase of the reproductive index of the virus. In Brazil, however, the climatic conditions do not favor the decrease in the reproductive index of the virus, proving that climatologically there is no optimal period for de-escalation and return to normality. The variations in climatic conditions in Brazil are not significant, so the climate does not influence the decrease in the spread of the virus. Conclusion: Climate influences the spread of the virus. Descriptors: COVID-19; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Climate; Temperature; Humidity. relationship between the increase in temperature and humidity with the spread rate of the COVID-19 virus. Results: In Spain the climatic conditions favored the decrease or increase of the reproductive index of the virus. In Brazil, however, the climatic conditions do not favor the decrease in the reproductive index of the virus, proving that climatologically there is no optimal period for de-escalation and return to normality. The variations in climatic conditions in Brazil are not significant, so the climate does not influence the decrease in the spread of the virus. Conclusion: Climate influences the spread of the virus.

Impact of climate variability on exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescents living in a semi-arid region / Influência de alterações climáticas sobre a ocorrência do broncoespasmo induzido por exercício em adolescentes de uma região semiárida

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the impact of climate variability on the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in the rainy and dry seasons of a Brazilian semi-arid region. Methods: This sample comprised 82 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, who were submitted to exercise-induced bronchospasm assessment on a treadmill and outdoors, during the rainy and the dry season. Anthropometric variables, sexual maturity and forced expiratory volume in the first second were analyzed. Air temperature and humidity, decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) and frequency of bronchospasm were compared between seasons using the independent Student's t test, the Wilcoxon and McNemar tests, respectively. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age was 15.65±0.82 years. Air temperature, air humidity and decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) differed between seasons, with higher air temperature and humidity in the rainy season (29.6ºC±0.1 and 70.8%±0.6 versus 28.5ºC±0.2 and 48.5%±0.6; p<0.05). The decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) was greater in the dry season (9.43%±9.97 versus 12.94%±15.65; p<0.05). The frequency of bronchospasm did not differ between seasons. Conclusion: The dry season had a negative impact on forced expiratory volume in the first second in adolescents, with greater decrease detected during this period. Findings of this study suggested bronchospasm tends to be more severe under low humidity conditions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a influência das alterações climáticas sobre o broncoespasmo induzido por exercício, nos períodos chuvoso e seco de uma região do semiárido brasileiro. Métodos: Foram submetidos à avaliação do broncoespasmo em esteira ergométrica, em ambiente externo, nos períodos chuvoso e seco, 82 adolescentes, com idades de 15 a 18 anos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis antropométricas, a maturação sexual e o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo. Para comparação da temperatura e umidade, queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (%) e frequência do broncoespasmo entre os períodos, foram utilizados o teste t de Student independente, o teste de Wilcoxon e o teste de McNemar, respectivamente. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. Resultados: A média de idade foi 15,65±0,82 anos. A temperatura, a umidade e a queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (%) diferiram entre os períodos, com valores de temperatura e umidade maiores no período chuvoso (29,6ºC±0,1 e 70,8%±0,6 versus 28,5ºC±0,2 e 48,4%±0,6; p<0,05). A queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (%) foi maior no período seco (9,43%±9,97 versus 12,94%±15,65; p<0,05), e não foi encontrada diferença da frequência do broncoespasmo entre os períodos. Conclusão: O período seco influenciou negativamente no volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo de adolescentes, observando maior percentual de queda dessa variável nesse período. De acordo com os achados, propõe-se uma maior gravidade do broncoespasmo induzido por exercício em condições de baixa umidade.

Abundance and richness of Arctiinae moths throughout the night in a Cerrado area / Abundância e riqueza de mariposas Arctiinae ao longo da noite em uma área de Cerrado

Abstract: The main goal of this work was to investigate how the abundance and richness of Arctiinae moths varies over time, during the night. Specifically, we analyzed the following questions: (1) Is there a relationship between Arctiinae abundance and richness with the temperature and relative humidity? (2) What are the hours of activity of each species of moth? (3) Does the species composition differ over night? (4) Is it necessary to sample this group of moths throughout the night to have a representative sample of the species? We sampled the moths in Emas National Park (17°49'-18°28'S and 52°39'-53°10'W), Brazil. We selected seven sampling points in an area of savanna. At each sampling point, we collected the Arctiinae moths with a light trap (with a 15-W black light fluorescent light bulb), reflected in a white cloth (2 x 3 m) extended vertically. We sampled the moths in seven consecutive nights (one night in each sampling point, from December 13 to December 19, 2012, from 7 p.m. until 7 a.m.). We divided the samplings in twelve periods over the night, with an hour each. At each period of time, we measured the temperature and the relative humidity with a digital termohygrometer. We sampled 149 individuals belonging to 17 species of Arctiinae moths. Most species (70.5%) were active only for one or two hours at night. The species differed in terms of time activity. The higher abundance occurred at 8 p. m. (44 individuals), followed by 38 individuals at 9 p. m. and 23 at 10 p. m. The species richness was also higher in the early hours of the night. The temperature was the only variable that showed a positive and significative relationship with the Arctiinae moth abundance. The species richness was not influenced neither by the temperature nor by the relative air humidity. The possible causes of the peak of abundance and species richness in specific hours of the night are discussed.

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar como a abundância e a riqueza de mariposas Arctiinae variam temporalmente, ao longo do período noturno. Especificamente, analisamos as seguintes questões: (1) existe relação entre a abundância e a riqueza de Arctiinae e a umidade relativa do ar e a temperatura? (2) qual é o horário de atividade de cada espécie de mariposa? (3) a composição de espécies difere ao longo da noite? (4) é necessário amostrar esse grupo de mariposas ao longo de toda a noite para ter uma amostra representativa das espécies? Realizamos as amostragens no Parque Nacional das Emas (17°49'-18°28'S e 52°39'-53°10'W), Brasil. Selecionamos sete pontos amostrais em uma área de campo cerrado. Em cada ponto, coletamos as mariposas Arctiinae utilizando uma fonte luminosa (lâmpada UV de 15 W) refletida em um pano branco (2 x 3 m) estendido na vertical. Coletamos as mariposas durante sete noites consecutivas (uma noite por ponto, entre os dias 13 e 19 de dezembro de 2012, das 19:00 até as 07:00). Dividimos o período noturno em doze faixas de uma hora. Medimos a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar com auxílio de um termohigrômetro digital. Amostramos 149 indivíduos pertencentes a 17 espécies de mariposas Arctiinae. A maioria das espécies (70,5%) esteve ativa apenas por uma ou duas horas durante a noite. As espécies diferiram em termos de horário de atividade. O horário das 20 h apresentou uma maior abundância (44 indivíduos), seguido do horário das 21 (38) e das 22 h (23). A riqueza também foi maior nas primeiras horas da noite. Somente a temperatura foi positivamente correlacionada com a abundância de mariposas. A riqueza de mariposas não foi influenciada nem pela temperatura nem pela umidade relativa do ar. As possíveis causas das diferenças em termos de horários de atividade são discutidas..

Effects of high temperature on children s emergency admissions during summer from 2016 to 2018 in Beijing / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the adverse effects of high temperature on emergency admissions of children during the summer in Beijing.@*Methods@#Child emergency admissions was collected from 30 hospitals in Beijing during the summer of 2016-2018, as well as data related to meteorological factors and air pollutant concentrations. A generalized linear model was used to analyze the association between the daily mean temperature and emergency admissions of children due to total non accidental diseases, circulatory diseases, and respiratory diseases during the summer in Beijing.@*Results@#During the summer of 2016 to 2018 in Beijing, the daily mean temperature was (24.06±3.59)℃, and the daily mean relative humidity was (65.08±17.45)%. Every 1 ℃ increase in the daily mean temperature on the day of exposure had a significant effect on emergency admissions of children, aged 0-14 years old, due to total non accidental diseases and respiratory diseases in Beijing, such that the risk of emergency admissions increased by 0.21, 0.64 times, respectively. The effect of high temperature on emergency admissions due to circulatory diseases was not significant. High temperature had inconsistent effects on emergency admissions of children from different age groups. Among them, the largest increase in the risk of emergency admissions due to total non accidental diseases was observed among children aged 5-9 years old, while children aged 0-4 were vulnerable to emergency admissions for respiratory diseases, and emergency admissions for circulatory diseases were the highest among children aged 10-14.@*Conclusion@#High temperature had a significant effect on emergency admissions of children during the summer in Beijing. Pediatric respiratory diseases are sensitive diseases that are associated with a high temperature in summer, and greater attention should be given to this issue.

Investigation of Drug Storage Conditions of Sodium Valproate Granules Maintained by Pediatric Patients / 医薬品情報学

Objective: Sodium valproate granules (VPA granules) are extremely hygroscopic, deliquesce slowly in the air, and aggregate depending on temperature and humidity conditions. Although pharmacists are required to maintain drug storage conditions until the time of dispensing, they cannot keep track of the actual storage conditions maintained by the patients thereafter. Therefore, we investigated the actual temperature and humidity of the storage conditions maintained by the patients after delivery of the VPA granules.Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study at Kameda Medical Center on pediatric outpatients who were prescribed VPA granules from July 5, 2018 to February 20, 2019. A portable data logger capable of measuring temperature and humidity for 24 h was delivered at the time of dispensation. At the following visit, the data logger was collected, and data about temperature and humidity were obtained. We defined the suitable temperature as 1.0-30.0℃ and suitable humidity as 75.0% or less.Results: In this study, 13 patients were included. In total, 18 data loggers were distributed, and the return rate was 100.0%. The storage temperature was outside the suitable range in 0.8% of the total observation time whereas the humidity exceeded 75.0% in 1.7% of the total observation time.Conclusion: Storage of medications after dispensation was evaluated, and certain temperature and humidity deviations were observed. As storing a drug in an inappropriate environment changes the nature of the drug, affecting its efficacy and safety, it is necessary to educate patients on the proper methods to store oral medications.

The role of absolute humidity in respiratory mortality in Guangzhou, a hot and wet city of South China

BACKGROUND@#For the reason that many studies have been inconclusive on the effect of humidity on respiratory disease, we examined the association between absolute humidity and respiratory disease mortality and quantified the mortality burden due to non-optimal absolute humidity in Guangzhou, China.@*METHODS@#Daily respiratory disease mortality including total 42,440 deaths from 1 February 2013 to 31 December 2018 and meteorological data of the same period in Guangzhou City were collected. The distributed lag non-linear model was used to determine the optimal absolute humidity of death and discuss their non-linear lagged effects. Attributable fraction and population attributable mortality were calculated based on the optimal absolute humidity, defined as the minimum mortality absolute humidity.@*RESULTS@#The association between absolute humidity and total respiratory disease mortality showed an M-shaped non-linear curve. In total, 21.57% (95% CI 14.20 ~ 27.75%) of respiratory disease mortality (9154 deaths) was attributable to non-optimum absolute humidity. The attributable fractions due to high absolute humidity were 13.49% (95% CI 9.56 ~ 16.98%), while mortality burden of low absolute humidity were 8.08% (95% CI 0.89 ~ 13.93%), respectively. Extreme dry and moist absolute humidity accounted for total respiratory disease mortality fraction of 0.87% (95% CI - 0.09 ~ 1.58%) and 0.91% (95% CI 0.25 ~ 1.39%), respectively. There was no significant gender and age difference in the burden of attributable risk due to absolute humidity.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our study showed that both high and low absolute humidity are responsible for considerable respiratory disease mortality burden, the component attributed to the high absolute humidity effect is greater. Our results may have important implications for the development of public health measures to reduce respiratory disease mortality.